God The Original Intent | The Hand of God in American History

The Republic of the United States of America,
Her creation and first "Great Struggle" for survival.

George Washington - "Son of the Republic, look and learn."

George Washington was an ordinary man who had been raised up by Providence and prepared by Providence to be the protector and defender of his country. He was a deeply humble man who knew God. He would give in service to God and country almost his entire adult life. His self-sacrifice and strong moral Christian character are traits that we respect and admire even down to present day. Washington had a complete trust in God and God’s divine plan for himself and for his country. For his trust in God and petitions in prayer “he was shown great favor by God. As Daniel of old was shown the destiny of the planet Earth, so was Washington shown the destiny of our country.” To help him in fulfillment of God’s plan for America, Washington was given special divine graces. While Washington faced many challenges in life, they would help shape and groom him for the challenges that lay ahead. He had a destiny to fulfill and, for whatever God’s reason, he had decided that this one is mine. Washington had his flaws and was not the most adept for the task for which he was chosen, but he had the wisdom and the will to meet God’s needs. …
He would remain “bulletproof” through the French Indian War, multiple assassination attempts and throughout all of the battles of the Revolutionary War. Washington had a destiny to fulfill, which was to help bring a new Republic, “under God,” into existence. It was all part of God’s divine plan to create a Republic for his children (its citizens) to learn to honor in prayer and in action their God, “his land and the Union.” And divine plans are never deterred by the hand of man. Washington, through sheer strength of character, was able to shepherd the country through its military struggles with Britain. His personal moral character was so well respected that his presence and guidance in presiding over the Constitutional Convention [Miracle at Philadelphia] and serving the country as her first president provided the needed stability at a volatile time in American history; especially when many were concerned about kingship. It was fortunate for the United States and the world that God rose up and protected such a man. For if Washington had not remained “bulletproof” under God’s protection and guidance, the history of the world today would be very different indeed. It is almost unfathomable to consider, but there really was no one else in the colonies at the time, other than George Washington, who could have shepherded the fragile young Republic into existence as he did. - Download Chapter - PDF

Excerpt: The Indian Prophecy - “I am a Chief and ruler of many tribes. My influence extends to the waters of the Great Lakes, and to the far Blue Mountains. I have traveled a long and weary path that I might see the young warrior of the great battle. It was on the day when the white man’s blood mixed with the streams of our forest that I first beheld this chief [Washington].” Download - PDF

Excerpt: Boston - “The reflection on my situation, and that of this army, produce an unhappy hour when all around me are wrapped in sleep. Few people know the predicament we are in, on a thousand accounts; fewer still will believe, if any disaster happens to these lines, from what cause if flows. I have often thought how much happier I should have been, if, instead of accepting the command under such circumstances, I had taken my musket on my shoulder and enter the ranks, or, if I had justified the measure to posterity and my own conscience, have retired to the back country and lived in a wigwam. ...If I shall be able to raise superior to these and many other difficulties which might be enumerated, I shall most religiously believe that the finger of Providence is in it, to blind the eyes of our enemies; for surely if we get well through this month, it must be for want of their knowing our disadvantages we labor under.” Download - PDF

Excerpt: Son of the Republic - “I do not know whether it was owing to the anxiety of my mind, or what, but this afternoon , as I was sitting at this table engaged in preparing a dispatch, something in the apartment seemed to disturb me. Looking up, I beheld standing opposite me a singularly beautiful female. So astonished was I—for I had given strict orders not to be disturbed—that it was some moments before I found language to inquire the cause of her presence. A second, third and even a fourth time did I repeat the question, but received no other answer from my mysterious visitor than a slight raising of her eyes. By this time I felt strange sensations spreading through me. I would have risen but the riveted gaze of the being before me rendered volition impossible. I essayed once more to address her, but my tongue had become powerless. Even thought itself presently became paralyzed.” Download - PDF

Thomas Paine was a man of words, whose writings sparked passions for freedom on both sides of the Atlantic. He had recently emigrated to America, under encouragement from Benjamin Franklin, when he had a dream of the forth coming Revolutionary War. His vivid dream of war made a very strong impression on him. It was published in the Pennsylvania Magazine in June of 1775, under the title “The Dream Interpreted.” Thomas Paine’s dream would have a tremendous influence on his writings and the destiny of a nation. Through his dream, he saw the struggle with England and America’s greatness after the war, which he so eloquently put into words. How coincidental for Thomas Paine to run into a stranger on an infrequently traveled trail in the woods, who could so profoundly interpret his prophetic dream which would become his fate and life’s work ....
Perhaps it is because he was born in England, not America, or his later criticism of George Washington. Whatever the reason, the United States was blessed to have Thomas Paine and his writings at such a critical time in American history. It is not a stretch to say, that if there were no Thomas Paine, there may not have been a United States of America. - Download Chapter - PDF

The Second Continental Congress was under tremendous pressure to issue a document declaring independence. Congress needed a document to formally announce to the world their reason for separation from England. On the domestic front, with war underway Congress needed to justify their decisions to the States and the new Continental Army, who risked their lives fighting the British. Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys had taken Fort Ticonderoga in New York and American forces had abandoned their siege of Quebec retreating back to the states. General Thomas seized Dorchester Heights threatening British forces in Boston. The British navy forces attacked Charleston with counter attacks from Fort Moultrie. It was a turbulent time filled with uncertainty. The delegates were handling many jobs working from morning to night, John Adams noted, “we were all in haste. Congress was impatient.”

A draft committee of was formed to work on the declaration of separation “Declaration of Independence” document. They first met on June 11th, 1776 to work on the basic structure and tenet of the document. The Five delegates chosen for the draft committee were John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Robert R. Livingston, Roger Sherman and Benjamin Franklin. Franklin missed a number of the meetings due to a bout of the gout. Two on the draft committee, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were very close friends. Being an astute politician, John Adams asked his friend Thomas Jefferson to write the draft of the declaration. John Adams wrote to Jefferson listing the reasons he should write the document, “you are a Virginian, and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business. Reason second—I am obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular. You are much otherwise. Reason third—You can write ten times better than I can.”

Excerpt: John Adams - July 1st, 1776 - “Before God, I believe the hour has come. My judgement approves this measure, and my whole heart is in it. All that I have, and all that I am, and all that I hope in this life, I am now ready here to stake upon it. And I leave off as I began, that live or die, survive or perish, I am for the Declaration. It is my living sentiment, and by the blessing of God it shall be my dying sentiment. Independence now, and Independence for ever!” Download - PDF

Excerpt: The Fourth of July, 1776 - The Speech of the Unknown - “Sign—and not only for yourselves, but for all ages. For that parchment will be the Text-book of Freedom—the Bible of the rights of man forever!” Download - PDF

Excerpt: Andrew Jackson wrote – Regarding the battle of New Orleans, "It appears that the unerring hand of Providence shielded my men from the shower of balls, bombs and rockets, when every ball and bomb from our guns carried with them a mission of death."

Excerpt: Save that Parchment - Dolly Madison - “We have had a battle or skirmish near Bladensburg, and I am still here within sound of the cannon! Mr. Madison comes not; may God protect him! Two messengers covered with dust, come to bid me fly; but I wait for him” Download - PDF

Excerpt: Book Washington Weather - “On the morning of August 25, Washington was still burning. Throughout the morning and early afternoon, the British soldiers continued to set fires and destroy ammunition supplies and defenses around the city. As the soldiers spread fire and destruction throughout the city, the early afternoon sky began to darken and lightning and thunder signaled the approach of a thunderstorm. As the storm neared the city, the winds began to increase dramatically and then built into a “frightening roar.” A severe thunderstorm was bearing down on Washington, and with it was a tornado.

The tornado tore through the center of Washington and directly into the British occupation. Buildings were lifted off of their foundations and dashed to bits. Other buildings were blown down or lost their roofs. Feather beds were sucked out of homes and scattered about. Trees were uprooted, fences were blown down, and the heavy chain bridge across the Potomac River was buckled and rendered useless. A few British cannons were picked up by the winds and thrown through the air. The collapsing buildings and flying debris killed several British soldiers. Many of the soldiers did not have time to take cover from the winds and they laid face down in the streets. One account describes how a British officer on horseback did not dismount and the winds slammed both horse and rider violently to the ground.

The winds subsided quickly, but the rain fell in torrents for two hours. ...Fortunately, the heavy rain quenched most of the flames and prevented Washington from continuing to burn.” Only by extreme coincidence or the hand of Providence were many federal buildings and the White House saved from further destruction. “The burning was delayed ....and finally prevented by a tremendous tornado which passed over the city and for a while completely dispersed the British column, the soldiers seeking refuge where they could, and several being buried in the ruins of the falling buildings.” The fierce storm and torrential downpour dumped two inches of rain which helped extinguish the fire. “After the storm, the British Army regrouped on Capitol Hill, still a bit shaken by the harsh weather. They decided to leave the city that evening.”

Excerpt: The Star-Spangled Banner - “And this be our motto: ‘In God is our trust.’ And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!” Download - PDF

The Star-Spangled Banner, by Francis Scott Key, USAF Reserve - Play - MP3

_________________________________________________________

Manifest Destiny - From Sea to Shinning Sea

To be added

Excerpt: William Gilpin, Governor of Colorado Territory, 1846 - From nothing we have become 20,000,000. From nothing we are grown to be in agriculture, in commerce, in civilization, and in natural strength, the first among nations existing or in history. So much is our destiny so far; up to this point - transacted, accomplished, certain, and not to be disputed. From this threshold we read the future. The untransacted destiny of the American field is to subdue the continent - to rush over the vast field to the Pacific Ocean - to animate the many hundred millions of its people, and to cheer them upward - to set the principle of self-government at work - to agitate these herculean masses - to establish a new order in human affairs - to set free the enslaved - to regenerate superannuated nations - to change darkness into light - to stir up the sleep of a hundred centuries - to teach old nations a new civilization - to confirm the destiny of the human race - to carry the career of mankind to its culminating point - to cause stagnant people to be reborn - to perfect science - to emblazon history with the conquest of peace - to shed a new and resplendent glory upon mankind - to unite the world in one social family - to dissolve the spell of tyranny and exalt charity - to absolve the curse that weights down humanity, and to shed blessings round the world. Divine task! immortal mission! Let us tread fast and joyfully the open trail before us. Let every American heart open wide for patriotism to glow undimmed, and confide with religious faith in the sublime and prodigious destiny of his well-loved country!

_________________________________________________________

The Republic of the United States of America,
Her second "Great Struggle" for survival.

Only by the divine hand of Providence or extreme coincidence could an ordinary bell made to honor the Quaker religious beliefs in God go on to become a worldwide symbol of Liberty and Freedom. While the Liberty Bell remains a symbol of the Liberties and Freedoms we cherish as a nation, few understand its history, religious background, or profound implications for the destiny of the country and perhaps the world. From the biblical inscription on its side, to its evacuation by wagon, breakdown and transfer in the center of Bethlehem and secure storage in Zion during the war, to its crack at high noon in celebration of George Washington’s birthday, it would appear that God had a plan for the bell and the country. And those gifts of Liberty and Freedom, gifts from God that rang out on July 8th of 1776 with the Declaration of Independence and the “Miracle at Philadelphia” from the Liberty Bell still reverberate to our present day. However, if we as a nation do not come to terms with God’s hand in our country’s history, then we stumble blindly into the future potentially to our peril. …
The gift of Liberty and Freedom that rang out from Independence Hall was truly revolutionary idea in the recorded history of mankind. Forged into the Liberty Bell and preserved in time was a God given message that the rights of man and blessings of Liberty and Freedom come from God, not from man or government. The truth of God’s Word that rang out across the land, “Proclaim LIBERTY throughout all the Land unto all the inhabitants thereof” was a message not just for the United States, but for the entire world. Over two hundred and fifty years after the Liberty Bell rang out it’s first glory-breathed tone, Liberty still remains a revolutionary and dangerous idea in most countries around the world; in Democracies and especially for those in countries suffering under the yoke of oppression. As it was in the day the Liberty Bell was first hoisted up in the Independence Hall steeple, the United States stands alone as the last vestige of human Liberty left on the face of the earth. A refuge of safety where Liberty is recognized as a gift from God, where the rights of man come from God, not from government, and where government [based on the Old and New Testament] is instituted among men to protect those rights. It is now up to our generation to share with the next our responsibilities to God for His continued blessings and give thanks for His gift of Liberty; so from every mountain top, spread God’s Word and “Let Freedom Ring.” - Download Chapter - PDF

The Normandy Liberty Bell, an exact laser scaned replica of the Liberty Bell - Play - SFW

John C. Calhoun's Dream of George Washington - Overnight changed his heart to Pro-Union and delayed secession?

John C. Calhoun was one of the south’s most articulate, and outspoken proponents of slavery, states rights, and nullify federal law. He opposed the Tariff Act of 1828, and openly advocated that southern states could nullify federal law. This earned him the nickname, “Arch Nullifier.” Over his outspoken position on nullification and secession, President Andrew Jackson threatened to have him hung for treason. Later in his career, almost over night, he changed his political position from pro-secession to Pro-Union. Calhoun worked hard for a compromise that would support both slavery, and Union. He was so serious, seldom seen to laugh or smile that he was nicknamed the “cast iron man.” Fortunate for the country, Calhoun's political change of heart, delayed southern secession long enough for Abraham Lincoln to make it into office.

Excerpt: The Spotted Hand, An Anecdote of John C. Calhoun - “At a late hour last night, as I was sitting in my room writing, engaged in writing, I was astonished by the entrance of a visitor, who, without a word, took a seat opposite me at my table. This surprised me, as I had given particular orders to the servant that I should on no account be disturbed. The manner in which the intruder entered, so perfectly self-possessed, taking his seat opposite me without a word, as though my room and all within it belonged to him, excited in me as much surprise as indignation.” Download - PDF

Joshua L. Chamberlain’s life was of the substance from which legends are made; a number of books and movies are a credit to his achievements. His life’s story was that of a man with immense optimism and determination, surrendering to what he felt was a divine calling to join the Civil War. He answered Lincoln’s call for troops and left his wife, children and teaching position at Bowdoin College to join the war effort. He is best known for the Civil War battle of Little Round Top. The Maine 20th was led to the battle by the Ghost of George Washington on horseback. Through an odd set of coincidences, the Maine 20th rushed in to secure Little Round Top, a strategic point left unattended by the Union Forces. As the battle of Gettysburg raged and as the Civil War’s outcome hung in the balance, the Maine 20th held their position. Outnumbered, with many dead and out of ammunition, Chamberlain ordered a last ditch bayonet charge against the Confederate troops, securing a win for the Union Forces. Close to death on a number of occasions, he regained his health, only to rejoin the military action for many more important battles during the Civil War. - Download Chapter - PDF

When Julia Ward Howe first awoke, early morning of November 21, 1861, the words to the Battle Hymn of the Republic arranged themselves in her mind. In a darkened room, trying not to wake her children, she scratched down the verses to the poem, knowing something of importance had just happened. The words she scrawled on an old sheet of paper, Lincoln would later say was “the song that saved the Union.” The Battle Hymn of the Republic was a divinely inspired masterpiece of poetry on God and country, which could not have come at better a time for the Union. The Civil War was not going well for the North, many battles had been lost, morale had slumped and recruitment numbers were running low. The poem soon became a motivating song sung by the Union troops in glory to God. One other song sung by the North, and less controversial to the South was The Battle Cry of Freedom. Those on the Confederate side sang, God Save the South and The Bonnie Blue Flag song. The South hated the Union’s battle hymn song, because it inferred that God was on the side of the North.. ...
Through out the years, there has been much heated debate over words in The Battle Hymn of the Republic. The words in the song have elicited strong feelings in many camps. The song is considered offensive to many Southerners, it is offensive to some Christians, but it is especially offensive to many secular non-religious, and anti-religious groups. The song has been labeled a fighting song, hate song, pro-war, Calvinist religious song or militaristic Christian and too many more inflammatory names to list. Entirely missed, by those offended by the words in the song was the point of the song, and situation the country was in at the time the song first emerged. While history has credited Julia Ward Howe with The Battle Hymn of the Republic, she did not write the poem. She simply recorded on paper the words that were given to her. ... She was an instrument used by God at the time, for His own purpose. - Download Chapter - PDF

The Battle Hymn of the Republic, by William Steffe, U.S. Army Band - Play - MP3

The Republic of the United States of America,
Her third "Great Struggle" for survival.

In exercising your right to vote, you are, according to Samuel Adams, “executing one of the most solemn trusts in human society for which he is [you are] accountable to God and his country.” As a citizen, no matter what your country of origin or religion, you are the posterity of the country’s Christian Founding Fathers and patriots who earned the freedoms you enjoy at the expense of much blood and treasure. They considered Liberty and Freedom to be a gift from God, not from man or government. You the voter bear a far bigger responsibility than you may realize for the gift, of Liberty and Freedom you have inherited. ...
The establishment of the

United States

as a country was an anomaly in history, which by all human foresight and calculation should not have happened. The country came into existence only because it had divine assistance. George Washington wrote and spoke endlessly about the hand of Providence [God] in the Revolutionary War and formation of the Republic, as did many of the Founding Fathers. …
What you have inherited and now bear responsibility for as a citizen and voter can best be described as God’s experiment in time. An experiment to see if a united people, under God, can self govern themselves as a country and abide by the Word and the Law of the Old and New Testament. You have been entrusted with a sacred trust for the stewardship of this country, you therefore bear some moral responsibility for the actions and decisions of those elected on your behalf. Use your vote wisely and “let not your children ‘have reason to curse you for giving up those rights and prostrating those institutions which your fathers delivered to you.” [Rev. Matthias Burnet, 1803] Because as Thomas Jefferson warned, “if a nation expects to be ignorant and free, in a state of civilization, it expects what never was and never will be.” - Download Chapter - PDF

Excerpt: William Samuel Johnson at Columbia University - “You this day, gentlemen, assume new characters, enter into new relations, and consequently incur new duties. You have, by the favor of Providence and the attention of your friends, received a public education, the purpose whereof hath been to qualify you the better to serve your Creator and your country. You have this day invited this audience to witness the progress you have made, the literary honors conferred upon you, and qualifications with which you are dismissed to take to your station in society ....

Your first great duties, you are sensible, are those you owe to Heaven, to your Creator and Redeemer. Let these be ever present to your minds, and exemplified in your lives and conduct. Imprint deep upon your minds the principles of piety towards God, and a reverence and fear of His holy name. The fear of God is the beginning of wisdom and its consummation is everlasting felicity. Possess yourselves of just and elevated notions of the Divine character, attributes, and administration, and of the end and dignity of your own immortal nature as it stands related to Him ...

_________________________________________________________

Wakeup America - "No Nation which has out grown its God has lived to write the additional pages of history."

To be added

Excerpt: Emma Willard - "The government of the United States is acknowledged by the wise and good of other nations, to be the most free, impartial and righteous government of the world; but all agree that for such a government to be sustained many years, the principles of truth and righteousness, taught in the Holy Scriptures, must be practiced. The rulers must govern in the fear of God, and the people obey the laws ... A nation cannot exist without religion. France tried that and failed. We were born a …Christian nation, and, as such, baptized in blood. Our position ought to be defined as that.

_________________________________________________________

The End - "If men will not be governed by God, they will be ruled by tyrants."

To be added

Excerpt: Thomas Paine’s letter - “A thousand years hence (for I must indulge in a few thoughts) perhaps in less, America may be what England now is! The innocence of her character that won the hearts of all nations in her favor may sound like a romance, and her inimitable virtue as if it had never been. The ruins of that liberty which thousands bled for, or suffered to obtain, may just furnish materials for a village tale or extort a sigh from rustic sensibility, while the fashionable of that day, enveloped in dissipation, shall deride the principle and deny the fact.

When we contemplate the fall of Empires and the extinction of nations of the ancient world, we see but little to excite our regret than the mouldering ruins of pompous palaces, magnificent monuments, lofty pyramids, and walls and towers of the most costly workmanship. But when the Empire of America shall fall, the subject for contemplative sorrow will be infinitely greater than crumbling brass or marble can inspire. It will not then be said, here stood a temple of vast antiquity, —here rose a Babel of invisible height, or there a palace of sumptuous extravagance; but here, ah painful thought! the noblest work of human wisdom, the grandest scene of human glory, the fair cause of freedom rose and fell! Read this and then ask if I forget

America

.”

Excerpt: Alexis de Tocqueville observations on America – “The Americans combine the notions of Christianity and of liberty so intimately in their minds, that it is impossible to make them conceive the one without the other.” “In France I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom marching in opposite directions. But in America I found they were intimately united and that they reigned in common over the same country.”

“I sought for the key to the greatness and genius of America in her harbors…; in her fertile fields and boundless forests; in her rich mines and vast world commerce; in her public school system and institutions of learning. I sought for it in her democratic Congress and in her matchless Constitution. Not until I went into the churches of America and heard her pulpits flame with righteousness did I understand the secret of her genius and power. Americas is great because America is good, and if America ever ceases to be good, America will cease to be great”

_________________________________________________________

The Republic of the United States of America,
the Hand of God in Her Pre-Revolutionary War History.

Excerpt: The First Charter of Virginia - To the Glory of God - “JAMES, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, ... loving Subjects, have been humble Suitors unto us, that We would vouchsafe unto them our Licence, to make Habitation, Plantation, and to deduce a colony of sundry of our People into that part of America commonly called VIRGINIA, and other parts and Territories in America, either appertaining unto us, or which are not now actually possessed by any Christian Prince or People, ...We, greatly commending, and graciously accepting of, their Desires for the Furtherance of so noble a Work, which may, by the Providence of Almighty God, hereafter tend to the Glory of his Divine Majesty, in propagating of Christian Religion to such People, as yet live in Darkness and miserable Ignorance of the true Knowledge and Worship of God, and may in time bring the Infidels and Savages, living in those parts, to human Civility, and to a settled and quiet Government: DO, by these our Letters Patents, graciously accept of, and agree to, their humble and well-intended Desires.”

Excerpt: Mayflower Compact - For the Glory of God - IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the first Colony in the northern Parts of Virginia; Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Officers, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience.

Excerpt: Columbus - “It was the Lord who put into my mind — I could feel His hand upon me — the fact that it was possible to sail from here to the Indies .... All who heard my project rejected it with laughter, ridiculing me... There is no question the inspiration was from the Holy Spirit, because he comforted be with marvelous illumination from the Holy Scriptures ...For the execution of the journey to the Indies I did not make use of intelligence, mathematics or maps. It is simply the fulfillment of Isaiah had prophesied.... No-one should fear to undertake any task in the name of our Saviour, if it is just and if the intention is pure in the name of the Holy service. ... the fact that the Gospel must still be preached to so many lands in such a short period of time — this is what convinces me.”

Excerpts: book Indian Givers - While many missionaries such as the Franciscans, Carmelites, Jesuits and Dominicans and explorers from Spain and Portugal had good intentions of spreading the word of the Gospel, some driven by greed and power clearly did not follow their Christian teachings. Against strict orders from Queen Isabel, many natives were enslaved for mining gold and silver. One mountain in the central Andes, “Carro Rico, which means “Rich Hill”, was a mountain of silver over two thousand feet high. It was the first real city of the New World, reaching 120,000 inhabitants by 1573. While the sliver deposit was known to the Inca, it was not touched. “The Inca emperor Huayna Capac first mined Carro Rico a generation before the Spanish arrived. ..The emperor stopped the operation, however, when a voice thundered out of the mountain saying: ‘Take no silver from this hill. It is destined for other owners.’”

A continual wave of gold and silver from South America soon hit the European shores. By way of

Spain

, it soon found its way throughout Europe. Europe had been cut off of gold and sliver by the “Moslem merchants who monopolized the trade” from Africa’s “Gold Coast.” “Even though the silver and gold went into

Spain

, it did not stay there. From

Spain

the money spread throughout Europe.... Three-fifths of the bullion entering

Spain

from

America

immediately left

Spain

to pay debts.” “With so much money, the ol